PHP 7 in 2017

WeAreDevelopers

Vienna

May 12, 2017

http://talks.php.net/vienna17

Rasmus Lerdorf
@rasmus

1980s

1990s

1993

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#include <string.h>

#define ishex(x) (((x) >= '0' && (x) <= '9') || ((x) >= 'a' && \
                   (x) <= 'f') || ((x) >= 'A' && (x) <= 'F'))

int htoi(char *s) {
	int     value;
	char    c;

	c = s[0];
	if(isupper(c)) c = tolower(c);
	value=(c >= '0' && c <= '9' ? c - '0' : c - 'a' + 10) * 16;

	c = s[1];
	if(isupper(c)) c = tolower(c);
	value += c >= '0' && c <= '9' ? c - '0' : c - 'a' + 10;

	return(value);
}

void main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
	char *params, *data, *dest, *s, *tmp;
	char *name, *age;

	puts("Content-type: text/html\r\n");
	puts("<HTML><HEAD><TITLE>Form Example</TITLE></HEAD>");
	puts("<BODY><H1>My Example Form</H1>");
	puts("<FORM action=\"form.cgi\" method=\"GET\">");
	puts("Name: <INPUT type=\"text\" name=\"name\">");
	puts("Age: <INPUT type=\"text\" name=\"age\">");
	puts("<BR><INPUT type=\"submit\">");
	puts("</FORM>");

	data = getenv("QUERY_STRING");
	if(data && *data) {
		params = data; dest = data;
    	while(*data) {
			if(*data=='+') *dest=' ';
			else if(*data == '%' && ishex(*(data+1))&&ishex(*(data+2))) {
				*dest = (char) htoi(data + 1);
				data+=2;
			} else *dest = *data;
			data++;
			dest++;
		}
		*dest = '\0';
		s = strtok(params,"&");
		do {
			tmp = strchr(s,'=');
			if(tmp) {
				*tmp = '\0';
				if(!strcmp(s,"name")) name = tmp+1;
				else if(!strcmp(s,"age")) age = tmp+1;
			}
		} while(s=strtok(NULL,"&"));

		printf("Hi %s, you are %s years old\n",name,age);
	}
	puts("</BODY></HTML>");
}

1993

use CGI qw(:standard);
print header;
print start_html('Form Example'),
    h1('My Example Form'),
    start_form,
    "Name: ", textfield('name'),
    p,
    "Age: ", textfield('age'),
    p,
    submit,
    end_form;
if(param()) {
    print "Hi ",em(param('name')),
        "You are ",em(param('age')),
        " years old";
}
print end_html;

1994-1995

<html><head><title>Form Example</title></head>
<body><h1>My Example Form</h1>
<form action="form.phtml" method="POST">
Name: <input type="text" name="name">
Age: <input type="text" name="age">
<br><input type="submit">
</form>
<?if($name):?>
Hi <?echo $name?>, you are <?echo $age?> years old
<?endif?>
</body></html>

✔ engine improvements

100%+ performance gain on most real-world applications
Lower memory usage, sometimes drastically lower

JIT?

Improve CPU cache usage

Step 1: Decrease overall data
Step 2: Better data locality and less indirections
Step 3: Save the world!

zval size reduced from 24 to 16 bytes
Hashtable size reduced from 72 to 56 bytes
Hashtable bucket size reduced from 72 to 32 bytes
Immutable array optimization

$a = [];
for($i=0; $i < 100000;$i++) {
    $a[] = ['abc','def','ghi','jkl','mno','pqr'];
}
echo memory_get_usage(true);

// PHP 5.x  109M
// PHP 7.0   42M no opcache
// PHP 7.0    6M with opcache enabled

New memory allocator similar to jemalloc
Faster hashtable iteration API
Array duplication optimization
PCRE JIT enabled by default
Precomputed string hashes
Fast ZPP (ZendParseParameters) implementation
Faster stack-allocated zvals (instead of heap)
Optimized VM calling
Global register variables with gcc 4.8+
plus hundreds of micro-optimizations

JIT?

GCC Feedback-Directed Optimization (FDO)

$ gcc --version
gcc (Debian 6.3.0-14) 6.3.0 20170415

$ make clean
$ make -j8 prof-gen
...
$ sapi/cgi/php-cgi -T 1000 /var/www/wordpress/index.php > /dev/null
$ make prof-clean
$ make -j8 prof-use

PHP 7 in production

Saving the Planet?

Around 2 billion sites on the web
On 10 million physical machines
PHP drives at least 50%

Currently ~5% PHP 7 Adoption
which is about 250k physical servers

3000 KWH/year per server costs approx. US$400
Data center cooling doubles that
0.5kg CO2 per KWH

At 5% Adoption

US $200M savings
750M KWH Savings
375M kg less CO2

At 100% Adoption

$4B savings
15B KWH Savings
7.5B kg less CO2

Do your part

Upgrade to PHP 7!

engine improvements

100%+ performance gain on most real-world applications
Lower memory usage, sometimes drastically lower

Exceptions on Fatals

function call_method($obj) {
    $obj->method();
}
call_method(null);

Fatal error: Uncaught Error: Call to a member function method() on null in file:2
Stack trace:
#0 file(4): call_method(NULL)
#1 {main}
  thrown in file on line 2

try {
    call_method(null);
} catch (Error $e) {
    echo "Caught Exception: {$e->getMessage()}\n";
}

Caught Exception: Call to a member function method() on null

PHP 7 Exception Hierarchy

Throwable
➥ Exception implements Throwable
➥ Error implements Throwable
➥ TypeError extends Error
➥ ParseError extends Error

Return Types

function get_config(): array {
    return 42;
}
get_config();

Fatal error: Uncaught TypeError: Return value of get_config() must be
of the type array, integer returned in file:2
Stack trace:
#0 file(4): get_config()
#1 {main}
  thrown in file on line 2

Coercive Scalar Types

function logmsg(string $msg, int $level, float $severity) {
    var_dump($msg);      // string(1) "1"
    var_dump($level);    // int(2)
    var_dump($severity); // float(3)
}
logmsg(1, "2.5 bananas", 3);

Notice: A non well formed numeric value encountered in file on line 2

Strict Scalar Types

declare(strict_types=1);
...
logmsg(1, "2.5", 3);

Fatal error: Uncaught TypeError: Argument 1 passed to logmsg() must be of the
type string, integer given, called in file on line 7 and defined in file:3
Stack trace:
#0 file(7): logmsg(1, '2.5', 3)
#1 {main}
  thrown in file on line 2

Anonymous Classes

return new class($controller) implements Page {
    public function __construct($controller) {
        /* ... */
    }
    /* ... */
};

class MyObject extends MyStuff {
    public function getInterface() {
        return new class implements MyInterface {
            /* ... */
        };
    }
}

Coalesce Operator

$a = NULL;
$b = 0;
$c = 2;

echo $a ?? $b; // 0
echo $c ?? $b; // 2
echo $a ?? $b ?? $c; // 0
echo $a ?? $x ?? $c; // 2

Spaceship Operator

function cmp_php5($a, $b) {
    return ($a < $b) ? -1 : (($a >$b) ? 1 : 0);
}

function cmp_php7($a, $b) {
    return $a <=> $b;
}

Removal of many deprecated features
(Your PHP4 code will break!)

- ext/ereg (use ext/pcre instead)
- preg_replace() eval modifier (use preg_replace_callback() instead)
- ext/mysql (use ext/mysqli or ext/pdo_mysql instead)
- Assignment of new by reference
- Scoped calls of non-static methods from incompatible $this context

- dl() in php-fpm
- set_magic_quotes_runtime() and magic_quotes_runtime()
- set_socket_blocking() (use stream_set_blocking() instead)
- mcrypt_generic_end() (use mcrypt_generic_deinit() instead)
- mcrypt_ecb, mcrypt_cbc, mcrypt_cfb and mcrypt_ofb 
  (use mcrypt_encrypt() and mcrypt_decrypt() instead)
- datefmt_set_timezone_id() and IntlDateFormatter::setTimeZoneID() 
  (use datefmt_set_timezone() or IntlDateFormatter::setTimeZone() instead)

- xsl.security_prefs (use XsltProcessor::setSecurityPrefs() instead)
- iconv.input_encoding, iconv.output_encoding, iconv.internal_encoding,
  mbstring.http_input, mbstring.http_output and mbstring.internal_encoding
  (use php.input_encoding, php.internal_encoding and php.output_encoding instead)

- $is_dst parameter of the mktime() and gmmktime() functions
- # style comments in ini files (use ; style comments instead)
- String category names in setlocale() (use LC_* constants instead)
- Unsafe curl file uploads (use CurlFile instead)
- PDO::PGSQL_ATTR_DISABLE_NATIVE_PREPARED_STATEMENT driver option 
  (use PDO::ATTR_EMULATE_PREPARES instead)
- CN_match and SNI_server_name stream context option (use peer_name instead)

New reserved words:

bool
int
float
string
null
false
true
resource
object
mixed
numeric

64-bit integer support on Windows

Cleanup edge-case integer overflow/underflow

Support for strings with length >= 2^31 bytes in 64 bit builds.

Parse error on invalid numeric literals

$mask = 0855;  // Parse error: Invalid numeric literal

Uniform variable syntax

// left-to-right
$this->$belongs_to['column']
// vs.
$this->{$belongs_to['column']}

// support missing combinations of operations
$foo()['bar']()
[$obj1, $obj2][0]->prop
getStr(){0}
 
// support nested ::
$foo['bar']::$baz
$foo::$bar::$baz
$foo->bar()::baz()
 
// support nested ()
foo()()
$foo->bar()()
Foo::bar()()
$foo()()
 
// support operations on arbitrary (...) expressions
(...)['foo']
(...)->foo
(...)->foo()
(...)::$foo
(...)::foo()
(...)()
 
// two more practical examples for the last point
(function() { ... })()
($obj->closure)()
 
// support all operations on dereferencable scalars
// (not very useful)
"string"->toLower()
[$obj, 'method']()
'Foo'::$bar

Unicode Codepoint Escape Syntax

echo "\u{202E}Right-to-left text";

echo " \u{26BD}";

‮Right-to-left text ⚽

ICU IntlChar class added to intl extension

CSPRNG

$int   = random_int(-500, 500);
$bytes = random_bytes(10);

var_dump( $int );
var_dump( bin2hex($bytes) );

int(226)
string(20) "84748d59da7b3040901b"

PHP 7.1

void return type

function should_return_nothing(): void {
    return 1; // Fatal error: A void function must not return a value
}

Nullable types

function answer(int $a, ?int $b): ?int  {
    if($a > $b) return $a;
    else return null;
}

Iterable pseudo-type

function foo(iterable $iterable) {
    foreach ($iterable as $value) {
        // ...
    }
}
function bar(): iterable {
    return [1, 2, 3];
}

Negative string offsets

$str='abcdef';
var_dump($str[-2]); // => string(1) "e"

List keys

list($first, $second, $third) = [1, 2, 3];
[$first, $second, $third] = [1, 2, 3];

Warn about invalid strings in arithmetic

$numberOfApples = "10 apples" + "5 pears";

Notice: A non well formed numeric string encountered in example.php on line 2
Notice: A non well formed numeric string encountered in example.php on line 2

Class constant visibility

class Token {
    // Constants default to public
    const PUBLIC_CONST = 0;
 
    private const PRIVATE_CONST = 0;
    protected const PROTECTED_CONST = 0;
    public const PUBLIC_CONST_TWO = 0;

Things that may break your code

new 'void' and 'iterable' keywords
rand() and srand() are now aliased to mt_rand() and mt_srand()
Mersenne Twister algorithm has been tweaked
Calling a function with too few args is now an Error instead of a Warning
Dropped support for sslv2 streams
Dropped support for mcrypt

Static Analysis

github.com/etsy/phan

It can catch dumb mistakes

$a = [1,2,3];
if(count($a > 1)) {
    echo "Test";
}

% phan test.php
test.php:2 PhanTypeComparisonFromArray array to int comparison

Check phpdoc comments

class C {
    /** @var int $prop */
    public $prop;

    /**
     * @param string $arg
     * @return int
     */
    function test($arg) {
        $this->prop = $arg;
        return $arg;
    }
}

% phan test.php
test.php:10 PhanTypeMismatchProperty Assigning string to property but \C::prop is int
test.php:11 PhanTypeMismatchReturn Returning type string but test() is declared to return int

Help with refactoring

class C {
    /**
     * @deprecated
     */
    static function legacy_function() { }
}

C::legacy_function();

% phan test.php
test.php:8 PhanDeprecatedFunction Call to deprecated function \C::legacy_function() defined at test.php:5

Install with composer

$ composer require --dev etsy/phan

Create .phan/config.php

<?php
use \Phan\Issue;
return [
    'should_visit_all_nodes' => true,
    'minimum_severity' => Issue::SEVERITY_LOW,
    'directory_list' => [ 'src', 'vendor' ],
    'exclude_analysis_directory_list' => [ 'vendor' ]
];

$ ./vendor/bin/phan

Type Safety

Legacy code

class Data {
    function __construct($data) {
        $this->haystack = $data;
    }
    function find($needle) {
        return in_array($needle, $this->haystack, true);
    }
}
$storage = new Data(['apple','orange','banana']);

$fruit = false;
$storage->find($fruit);

Going straight to strict types risks runtime fatals

<?php declare(strict_types=1);
class Data {
    function __construct(array $data) {
        $this->haystack = $data;
    }
    function find(string $needle):bool {
        return in_array($needle, $this->haystack, true);
    }
}
$storage = new Data(['apple','orange','banana']);

$fruit = false;
$storage->find($fruit);

Fatal error: Uncaught TypeError: Argument 1 passed to Data::find() must be of the type string, boolean given,
                                 called in test.php on line 13 and defined in test.php:6
Stack trace:
#0 test.php(13): Data->find(false)
#1 {main}
thrown in test.php on line 6

Intermediate step

class Data {
    /** @var array $haystack */
    public $haystack;

    /**
     * @param array $data
     */
    function __construct($data) {
        $this->haystack = $data;
    }
    /**
     * @param string $needle
     * @return bool
     */
    function find($needle) {
        return in_array($needle, $this->haystack, true);
    }
}
$storage = new Data(['apple','orange','banana']);

$fruit = false;
$storage->find($fruit);

$ phan test.php
test.php:22 PhanTypeMismatchArgument Argument 1 (needle) is bool but \Data::find() takes string defined at test.php:15

Thank You

https://github.com/rlerdorf/phan

https://bugs.php.net

http://talks.php.net/vienna17

Report Bugs

Useful bug reports, please!