Garbage Creation $a = array( 'meaning' => 'life', 'number' => 42 ); $a['life'] = $a['meaning']; xdebug_debug_zval( 'a' ); a: (refcount=1, is_ref=0)=array ( 'meaning' => (refcount=2, is_ref=0)='life', 'number' => (refcount=1, is_ref=0)=42, 'life' => (refcount=2, is_ref=0)='life' )